Politics - Nationalization

Nationalization

Politics - Nationalization

• Nationalization acquisition by the state of any property, such as the steel industry, the railway system, the chemical industry or the land. Nationalization has been a common practice in the twentieth century even in counties with private enterprise economies. Thus the French government has nationalized the Banque de France and holds 51 per cent shares in the national railway company, the Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer Francais and the Italian government monopolizes the advocate nationalization as a general policy rather than as a labor party. q.v. states that the aims of the Party are to be achieved upon the basis of common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, but this general approach has now been abandoned in practice, unsuccessful at attempts have been made to amend this part of the constitution so that it would correspond with the actual policies of the Party.

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Politics - Imperialism

Imperialism

Politics - Imperialism

• Imperialism the practice, by a country, of acquiring and administering colonies and dependencies after it has achieved national unity and embarked upon commercial or industrial expansion, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Portugal and the UK. acquired overseas territories before and during the nineteenth century, whereas Germany, Italy and Japan. Which did not achieve unity and industrial and military power until the late nineteenth century, made their efforts to acquire such territories, usually by war, during the twentieth century. The U.S.S.R has also been described as a imperialist power, since it has continued the Tsarist Policy of trying to dominate the counties (such as Finland, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Persia, Afghanistan and China) which were on or near, its borders, and has actually absorbed three formerly independent countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithusania). The economic dependence of many states (particularly in Latin America) upon the U.S.A is often regarded as yet another expression of imperialism.

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Politics - Fascism

Fascism

Politics - Fascism

• Fascism a nationalist, anti Communist, and authoritarian political creed, founded by Benite Mussolini in Italy in 1919. The Italian Fascist movement adopted as its emblem the fasces, a bundle of rods with and axe in the middle, which was the symbol of state power carried in front of the consuls by the lictors in ancient Rome. The movement claimed to be neither capitalistic nor socialistic, and advocated the founding of a corporate state, q.v. After Mussolini came to power in 1922 the Fascist Party become the only authorized political organization in Italy; its members wore black shirts, used the Roman greeting of the outstretched arm, were organized as a military formation, and adopted the slogan (Mussolini is always rights). Italian Fascism served as a model to a number of similar movements in other countries, and in particular to National, Socialism in Germany. In the UK. a Fascist movement called the British Union, which was active between 1931 and 1939, advocated the abolition of free speech and greater interest in the British Commonwealth, and preached anti Semitic propaganda.

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Politics - Democracy

Democracy

Politics - Democracy

• Democracy from the Greek demos, people, and kratos, power, meaning government by the people. Democracy may be either direct, and exerted by popular assemblies or by plebiscites on all legislation or indirect, and exerted by representative institutions. Direct democracy was practiced in some of the city states of Ancient Greece; indirect democracy, which is better suited to modern nation states with large populations, was developed in England in the seventeenth century and imposed on France and North America as a result of revolution in the eighteen century. By 1850 the majority of civilized nation had adopted democratic institutions.

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Politics - Communism

Politics - Communism

Political - Communism

• Communism May mean either the type of society in which property is vested in the community every individual the revolutionary movement which seeks to achieve that type of society by overthrowing the capitalist system and establishing a dictatorship of  the proletariat. Modern communism has ts basis in Marxism, q.v. as developed by the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Lyitch Lenin (1870-1924), who applied the Marx Ian analysis to the new arms of capitalism which had developed since the days of Marx. Lenin studied the trusts and combines which with the inevitable concentration of capital, had superseded the small producers who characterized the earlier stages of capitalism. He concluded that the state apt large capital interests were collaborating in imperialist policies leading to recurrent wars, that capitalists would pay higher wages to skilled workers who would then betray the proletariat by adopting moderate policies, and that the poorer classes of workers would continue to adhere to revolutionary socialism as the instrument of the ruling class and believed that the proletariat must destroy it and replace ti by a new state machinery of its own. Communists believe that their first task is the establishment of Socialism, and that the next stage is true communism. They say that under Socialism they give effect to the principle 'From each according to his ability, to each according to his work and that there are still distinctions between classes, between mental and manual labour and between state property and cooperative property. Under Communism social life would be guided by the principle 'From each according to his ability, to each according to  his needs' and class, labor, and property distinctions would disappear, eventually the machinery of Government would no longer be needed and the state would wither away.

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Capitalism

Capitalism

Politics - Capitalism

• The economic system under which the ownership of the means of production is concentrated in the hands of a class, consisting of only a minor section of society, and under which there is a property less class for whom the sale of their labor power, as a commodity is the only source of livelihood. It is not necessarily coincidental with free enterprise, in the nineteenth century, especially in England, the new factory industries repeatedly demanded free access to markets and to labor supplies, but by the beginning of the twentieth century there was a tendency towards monopolies in different industries and a growing demand for state protection against foreign competition, under capitalism, as above defined the means of production and the apparatus of distribution are controlled by private owners who run them at their discretion, driven by an urge for profit. Such a system has often been attached by Socialists, who aim to under central management, the driving principle being not plan less anarchy leading, to recurrent crises because of its lack of coordination. Defenders of the capitalist system point to its great achievements. They claim that private initiative cannot be replaced by state control and that the interests of capitalism are necessarily identical with public welfare. According to Socialist theories there is an inward tendency in capitalism which leads to ever larger concentrations of capital, the stronger enterprises ousting or absorbing the weaker ones, until a limited number of trusts, combines and banks virtually controls a nation's economic life. Thus the liberal free competition, capitalism or former times, passes into modern monopolist capitalism. The letter foreshadows the state administration desired by Socialists, the enormous shareholders, who may have no interest in the businesses other then reliable sources of dividends. This development is sometimes called the managerial revolution, q.v. Free competition, say such critics, is in any case being gradually replaced by large combines and groups, which do a great deal of planning.

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Anarchism

Anarchism

Politics -Anarchism

• Anarchism from the Greek word 'anarchia' (nunrule), a political doctrine advocating the abolition of organized authority. Anarchists hold that every form of government is evil and a tyranny. They want a free association of individuals without armed forces, courts, prisons, or written law.

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World Famed Places - Westminster Hall

Westminster Hall

World Famed Places - Westminster Hall

• Near the present House of Parliament of U.K is one of London’s most historic buildings. It has one of the largest roofs in the worldunsupported by pillars. It measures 238 feet by 670 feet, and 90 feet high.

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World Famed Places - Albert Hall

Albert Hall

World Famed Places - Albert Hall

• In Kensington Gore, London was built in 1867-71, in the form of amphitheater as a memorial to the Prince Consort. It is the main center in London for musical performance, and political meetings.

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World Famed Places - National Gallery

National Gallery

World Famed Places - National Gallery

• National Gallery In London, on the north side of Trafalgar Square was opened in 1838. It houses a great collection of pictures belonging to the nation, distributed according to periods in different rooms.

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